我们都希望自己能轻松学会任何能力，掌握很强的能力，能够带给我们极大的自信和安全感，那么我们有没有思考过，想要提升任何一种能力，需要经历哪几个阶段呢？无论学习什么能力，通常不能速成，我们只有清晰认清能力发展的路径，或许我们在学习的过程中才不会浮躁，会更清楚自己走到了哪一步，离目标还有多远。
Four Stages of Competence: How We Learn New Skills
能力四阶段模型：怎样学习任何新技能
Would you be able to fly a plane without any training? I tried recently. Well, I took an introductory flight lesson. It’s amazing what they let you do. After a short induction, I was given control of the stick, pushed the throttle forward and steered our propeller plane into the sky. “Wow, flying is easy,” the intuitive part of my brain cheered. Until my inner analyst chimed in: “…and dangerously so.” The Four Stages of Competence are akin to this kind of inner conflict between the two parts of our brains, the intuitive and the analytical one. It’s a back-and-forth we undergo whenever we acquire a new skill from scratch. Which part of our brain will win?
你能在没有接受过任何培训的情况下驾驶飞机吗？我最近尝试了一下。好吧，我其实只是上了一堂飞行入门课，但这门课的内容让我大开眼界。在学习了简短的入门知识后，我就可以操纵飞机了，于是我推动油门杆，开着螺旋桨飞机升向了天空。“哇，开飞机好容易！”我大脑中的直觉思维欢呼道，直到分析思维打断说：“但也很危险！”能力的四阶段模型和我们大脑中直觉与分析思维两部分之间产生的冲突有所类似。在我们从零开始掌握一项新技能时，大脑就反复穿梭于两种思维之间，所以哪一部分会更胜一筹呢？
What Are the Four Stages of Competence?
能力的四阶段是什么？
The Four Stages of Competence are a learning model that describes the various psychological stages we go through when learning a new skill: Unconscious competence (ignorance), conscious incompetence (awareness), conscious competence (learning) and unconscious competence (mastery). Its origins can be traced back to management coach Martin M. Broadwell. He developed the model to describe differentlevels of teachingin the 1960s.
能力的四阶段是一种学习模型，用以描述人们在学习新技能时所经历的不同心理状态，具体包括：无意识的无能（无知）、有意识的无能（意识）、有意识的能力（学习）和无意识的能力（精通）。该模型最早可追溯到十九世纪六十年代，由管理培训师马丁?布罗德威尔（Martin M. Broadwell）提出，用以描述教学的四种层次。
Often portrayed as a hierarchy, Broadwell’s description of four teachers who practice at varying levels of skill has since been adapted to apply to competence more broadly. We can define competence as the ability to perform a task successfully. We’re competent if whatever we want to do has the expected outcome or if whatever we produce actually works.
布罗德威尔最先提出的模型总结了四种具有不同教学水平的老师，该模型经过改编调整后已被广泛用来确定能力的不同层级，并常常以金字塔形式呈现（如图）。这里的“能力”可定义为能够成功执行一项任务，如果我们想做的任何事情都能达到预期结果，或者我们所做的任何成果都有实际意义，那么我们就是有“能力”的。
Let’s see how the four stages would play out in the initial aeronautical scenario. Our plane’s pilot has just passed out. Don’t worry, he’ll be fine. But someone has to take over the stick. And I’m afraid it has to be us.
接下来让我们来看看能力的四个阶段是怎样在本文开头的飞行情景下发挥作用的。飞机的操纵杆刚刚失灵，但不用担心，飞机依然会平稳着陆。只是必须要有人接管这个烂摊子了，而这个人，恐怕只能是我们自己。
Stage 1: Unconscious Incompetence (Ignorance)
阶段1：无意识的无能（无知）
How hard can it be? It’ll be fine.
这有什么难的？我可以！
The first of the four stages of competence is a state ofunconscious incompetence. We have no idea how to do something. Most likely, we’re not even aware of all the things we don’t know. This can be due to ignorance,willful blindnessor naivete. In the worst-case scenario, we don’t believe that the skill in question is even a real skill and therefore doesn’t have to be learned. We probably take a lot ofmental shortcutsbut our intuition is ultimately wrong. Frankly, in this condition, we’re of no help to anyone.
能力四阶段的初始阶段是无意识的无能，在这一阶段中，我们不知道怎样去做某件事，而且多数情况下，我们甚至意识不到自己实际上处于一无所知的状态，这是因为我们混沌无知且能力不足。最坏的结果是，我们认为所讨论技能根本称不上是一种技能，因而不需要去学习，于是我们选择相信直觉，但直觉只会把我们带入错误的深渊。简而言之，在这一阶段下，我们对任何人都毫无帮助。
Suppose we’re starting at this stage in our hypothetical plane scenario. We’re very familiar with planes as we’ve enjoyed flying business class for years. But now the life of a few dozen people is in our hands. Unfortunately, in the state of unconscious incompetence, extreme confidence is paired with total cluelessness. Air traffic control is mortified byour unwillingness to recognise our need to learn.
回到文章开头所处的情景，假设我们正处于能力的初始阶段，我们对飞机非常熟悉，就好像已经享受了多年的商务舱待遇，但现在，我们变成了驾驶者，关系着几十条生命。不幸的是，无意识的无能状态致使我们既极度自信，又毫无头绪，这种缺乏自知之明的愚昧态度，令空中交管人员感到尴尬为难。
Granted, you’d have to be pretty removed from reality to think that flying a plane isn’t that big of a deal. But if we’re really honest to ourselves, there are a few activities in which we’re unconsciously incompetent. Acting? Driving a truck? Teaching? What’s there to know and learn anyway? It seems like, if there’s no immediate need to discover our own ignorance, this stage can last forever or end quickly. At any rate, once we progress we reach the stage of awareness.
诚然，只有不切实际的人才会低估开飞机的难度。但如果我们能对自己保持诚实，就会知道我们在其他很多事情上都处于无意识的无能阶段，比如演戏、驾驶卡车、教学……但真的有必要去了解和学习这些事情吗？这样看来，如果缺乏迫切的需求，我们就无法认识到自己的无知，第一个阶段可能会持续很久或者很快不复存在。无论怎样，一旦我们有所进步，就会进入下一阶段。
Stage 2: Conscious Incompetence (Awareness)
阶段2：有意识的无能（意识）
Crikey, I have no idea what I’m doing. I better get learning.
唉，我承认自己不懂，需要赶快去学习。
At the stage ofconscious incompetence, we become aware of our ignorance. Coming to terms with what we don’t know is a significant step to starting the learning process. Mind you, we still have no idea what we’re doing. But the analytical part of our brain has taken over and is aware of our lack of skill. At least we’re beginning to recognise our deficit and are willing to improve. Maybe by asking the right questions.
在有意识的无能阶段，我们能够意识到自己的无知，这是开启学习之旅的重要一步。请注意，此时我们还不知道学习的方法，但大脑的分析思维已经夺回了话语权，让我们意识到自己能力的不足。或许是因为扪心自问，至少我们开始承认这一点并愿意加以改进。
Sitting in the pilot’s seat, it dawns on us how little to nothing we actually know about aerodynamics and avionics. Does the plane go up or down when we pull on the stick? What’s with all the flashy digits on the screens? How fast do we have to go so as not to drop out of the sky? Is there atoo-fast? We’ve woken up from the slumber of ignorance. Air traffic control is relieved.
回到驾驶飞机的场景，我们坐在驾驶舱，逐渐意识到自己对空气动力学、航空电子学等飞行理论知识一窍不通，心中充满疑问，比如拉动操纵杆后飞机是会上升还是下降？仪表盘上闪烁的字符是什么意思？飞机需要达到多快的速度才不至于从空中坠落？开飞机会“超速”吗？这表明我们已经从无知的麻木状态中苏醒，空中交管员终于能舒一口气。
We’re now at the point where we know what we don’t know. We have a more realistic idea of our own limitations. At the same time, we shouldn’t underestimate the realisation that something can in fact be learned. Imagined unattainability can be a powerful deterrent from progressing to stage three. Still, bear in mind we haven’t acquired any new skills at this point. This happens at the stage of conscious competence.
在这一阶段，我们发现了自己的无知，也更加认清了自己能力的边界。但还需要意识到任何技能都是能够通过学习掌握的，在脑海中低估这一事实可能会极大阻碍我们迈向更高阶段。请记住，我们在这一阶段还没有获得任何新的技能，还需要向下一阶段迈进。
Stage 3: Conscious Competence (Learning)
阶段3：有意识的能力（学习）
Wow, I actually know what I’m doing.
哇，我终于掌握学习方法了。
Conscious competenceis the third of the Four Stages of Competence. We’ve finally learned something new. Now we actually understand what we’re doing and can explain how and why something works. We analyse the situation we’re in, and our analysis is correct. How did we get here? Through practice and experience. Consciously competent learners tend to function well as long as they can concentrate on the task at hand.
有意识的能力是第三阶段，在这一阶段，我们终于能学习新技能了。现在我们能够理解自己的每一步行动，并且清楚事物背后的方法和逻辑，做到正确地分析现状。那么怎样才能到达成功的彼岸呢？答案是通过练习和不断积累经验。这一阶段的学习者只要能专注于手头要做的事，就能获得不错的表现。
Being in a conscious state of learning is certainly good news in the plane-flying scenario. We’re getting a hang of holding the plane steady at altitude. We’ve learned from a few mistakes that luckily weren’t fatal. We know our current position and how to navigate to the next airport. We’re at the stage where we can teach others, too. For example how to keep an eye on the altitude. That would allow us to concentrate on something else. With a bit of luck, we might even learn how to land this thing again. Thanks to the patient people at air traffic control.
达到第三个阶段对于开头的飞行情景来说无疑是个好消息。我们逐渐掌握了在高空保持平稳飞行的诀窍，并从一些微小但不致命的错误中吸取了经验，我们能够掌控现状，操纵飞机驶向目的地。在这一阶段，我们也具备了教学能力，比如教授他人怎样注意飞行高度，这样我们就可以腾出精力专注做其他事情。运气好的话，我们甚至还能学会怎样平稳降落飞机。当然，这也要感谢空中交管人员的耐心。
Obviously, this is a very useful stage to be in. It’s where most of the work happens. But it’s also where all of our growth comes from. Since they know what they’re doing and why they do it, consciously competent people make good teachers. TheFeynman Technique, a learning method that promotes learning through teaching, is built on the very idea that conscious competence and the ability to teach are closely intertwined.
不难看出，有意识的能力阶段对我们十分有益，多数情况下这一阶段是我们达成一项工作的出发点，也是促使我们成长的源泉。处于这一阶段的学习者能够理解事物的本质和逻辑，这使他们具备成为人师的潜力。费曼学习法（Feynman Technique）的核心理念，即以教促学，正是建立在有意识的能力和传授能力之间紧密联系的基础之上。
Stage 4: Unconscious Competence (Mastery)
阶段4：无意识的能力（精通）
I don’t know, I just do it.
没有缘由，我就是能做到。
The final stage of our competence hierarchy is the psychological state ofunconscious competence. As opposed to our dangerously wrong intuition at stage one, our intuition is now 100% correct. There are many expressions for this state of mastery. We act from muscle memory. We’re in the zone. We’re Zen, as philosopherAlan Wattswould describe it. Due to extensive practice and experience, we don’t need to think about what we’re doing anymore. We just do it.
能力四阶段模型的最终阶段为无意识的能力。与最初阶段可能陷入错误不同，这一阶段我们的直觉变得无比准确。对于这种状态的解释不乏其数。我们依靠肌肉记忆行事，在自己的能力范围内游刃有余，正如哲学家艾伦?瓦茨（Alan Watts）所描述的，这是一种“我们都能领略禅意”的境界。经过大量的练习和重复，我们无须思考就能自然而然地完成任务。
Now, there’s no chance we will reach this stage while heroically rescuing our fellow passengers. We barely made it back to the airport with the conscious competence we acquired mid-air. But fast forward five years later, flying has become second nature. It’s like driving a car. There’s only one downside. How are we supposed to teach others how to fly if we don’t know how and why we do what we do?
回到开头的情景，我们无法在确保所有旅客安全的同时达到无意识的能力状态，凭借在飞行中获得的有意识能力，我们只能勉强做到安稳着陆。但经过不断练习，五年后，开飞机就会像开车一样成为第二本能。这一阶段唯一的不足是，连我们自己都难以解释顺利达成的方法，又怎么能做到教会别人呢？
Once we’ve achieved a high level of expertise, we run the risk of forgetting what it was like to learn something from scratch. We’recursed with knowledgeso to speak. That isn’t to say that mastery isn’t a beautiful thing. Of course not. As Robert Greene describes inThe Daily Laws, once you’ve reached this level, “it’s almost as if […] the project is living inside of you.” It’s become a part ofour authentic self.
一旦我们在某一领域达到专家级水平，我们可能就会忘记怎样从零开始学习这项能力。我们无法言说其中的学问，并为此感到困扰。这不是在否定精通一项技能的美妙之处，绝对不是。正如罗伯特?格林（Robert Greene）在其《日常法则：关于权力、诱惑、把控、战略和人性的366条沉思录》一书中描述的那样，一旦你达到这一水平，“就会感受到知识好像已经与你融为一体”，真正变成了我们的一部分。
But what’s left then? I guess we naturally push our skills to the next limit in order to discover new fields for growth. Perhaps we could apply for a job as an air traffic controller. And get a flight instructor licence. Just in case.
所以我们还剩下什么？我认为我们能自然地将技能推向下一个极限，以便开启新的成长空间。在开头的情境下，也许我们可以申请成为一名空中交管员。也许，为稳妥之见，我们还可以考取飞行教员执照。
Closing Thoughts
结语
I wouldn’t think of the four stages of competence as linear or monolithic. There is a myriad of domains and skills within any given field of expertise. We seem to be moving back and forth between the stages as we discover our blind spots. Sometimes we may even be simultaneously ignorant about one aspect of a skill while having mastered another. Which brings us back to our initial question: Would you be able to fly a plane without any training?
我并不会将能力的四阶段模型看作是线性或单一的思维模型。任何专业领域都包含着众多细分领域和技能。我们发现自身的知识盲区后，可能会在能力的四个阶段之间反复跳跃。有时我们甚至可能掌握了一项技能的某个部分，却对另一部分一无所知。这又让我们回到开头的问题：你能在没有接受过任何培训的情况下驾驶飞机吗？
It seems like the answer highly depends on how fast the analytical part of your brain can take over. How quickly you can progress to a state of conscious competence in which you actually start to acquire the skills you need for the job. But perhaps we shouldn’t think of it as a competition between two halves of our brains either. The faster the intuitive part of our brains and the analytical half make peace the better.
这个问题的答案可能很大程度上取决于你大脑中分析思维接替直觉思维的速度，即在真正开始掌握一项工作所需的能力时，你能够以多快的速度达到无意识的能力状态。但不要将这一过程看成是大脑两个部分之间的竞争对立。直觉思维和分析思维达成和谐的速度越快，对我们来说越有利。
翻译：绒绒雪球
作者：Chris Meyer
from:https://themindcollection.com/four-stages-of-competence/
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